Python is a versatile, beginner-friendly programming language known for its readability and wide range of applications. This tutorial is designed for absolute beginners, providing a step-by-step approach to learning Python from the ground up. It covers fundamental concepts, object-oriented programming (OOP), and practical examples with explanations.
1. Installing Python
Before starting, ensure Python is installed on your system. Download it from Python’s official website.
To verify installation, run the following command in your terminal or command prompt:
python --version
2. Writing Your First Python Program
Python uses simple syntax. Let’s start with a basic "Hello, World!" program:
print("Hello, World!")
Output:
Hello, World!
3. Python Basics
3.1 Variables and Data Types
Python supports various data types:
x = 10 # Integer
y = 3.14 # Float
name = "Alice" # String
is_student = True # Boolean
3.2 Type Checking and Conversion
print(type(x)) # Output: <class 'int'>
y = str(x) # Convert int to string
print(type(y)) # Output: <class 'str'>
3.3 Taking User Input
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Hello, " + name)
4. Operators in Python
Python supports various operators:
# Arithmetic Operators
print(5 + 3) # Addition
print(5 - 3) # Subtraction
print(5 * 3) # Multiplication
print(5 / 3) # Division
print(5 % 3) # Modulus
print(5 ** 3) # Exponentiation
5. Control Flow Statements
5.1 Conditional Statements (if-elif-else)
age = int(input("Enter your age: "))
if age >= 18:
print("You are an adult.")
elif age > 12:
print("You are a teenager.")
else:
print("You are a child.")
5.2 Loops in Python
While Loop
count = 1
while count <= 5:
print("Count:", count)
count += 1
For Loop
for i in range(1, 6):
print("Iteration:", i)
Loop with Break and Continue
for i in range(10):
if i == 5:
break # Exit loop when i is 5
if i % 2 == 0:
continue # Skip even numbers
print(i)
6. Functions in Python
Functions help in code reuse and modularity.
def greet(name):
print("Hello, " + name + "!")
greet("Alice")
Output:
Hello, Alice!
7. Lists and Tuples
7.1 Lists (Mutable, Ordered Collection)
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
fruits.append("orange")
print(fruits)
7.2 Tuples (Immutable, Ordered Collection)
coordinates = (10, 20)
print(coordinates[0])
8. Dictionaries in Python
Dictionaries store data in key-value pairs.
person = {"name": "Alice", "age": 25}
print(person["name"])
9. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Python
9.1 Creating a Class and Object
class Person:
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def greet(self):
print(f"Hello, my name is {self.name} and I am {self.age} years old.")
p1 = Person("Alice", 25)
p1.greet()
9.2 Inheritance
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, name, age, grade):
super().__init__(name, age)
self.grade = grade
s1 = Student("Bob", 20, "A")
print(s1.name, s1.age, s1.grade)
9.3 Encapsulation
class BankAccount:
def __init__(self, balance):
self.__balance = balance # Private variable
def get_balance(self):
return self.__balance
acc = BankAccount(1000)
print(acc.get_balance()) # 1000
10. File Handling in Python
10.1 Writing to a File
with open("example.txt", "w") as file:
file.write("Hello, Python!")
10.2 Reading from a File
with open("example.txt", "r") as file:
content = file.read()
print(content)
Conclusion
This tutorial covered Python fundamentals, control structures, functions, OOP concepts, and file handling. By practicing these examples, beginners can gain confidence and build real-world applications using Python.
